INTRO TO ETHEREUM
WHAT IS A BLOCKCHAIN?
A blockchain is best described as a public database that is updated and shared across many computers in a network.
"Block" refers to the fact that data and state is stored in sequential batches or "blocks". If you send ETH to someone else, the transaction data needs to be added to a block for it to be successful.
"Chain" refers to the fact that each block cryptographically references its parent. A block's data cannot be changed without changing all subsequent blocks, which would require the consensus of the entire network.
Each new block and the chain as a whole must be agreed upon by every node in the network. This is so everyone has the same data. For this to work, blockchains need a consensus mechanism.
Ethereum currently uses a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. This means that anyone who wants to add new blocks to the chain must solve a difficult puzzle that you need a lot of computing power to work on. Solving the puzzle "proves" that you have spent the computational resources. Doing this is known as mining. Mining can be trial and error but adding a block successfully is rewarded in Eth. On the other hand, submitting fraudulent blocks is not an attractive option considering the resources you've spent on producing the block.
New blocks are broadcast to the nodes in the network, checked and verified, updating the state for everyone.
So to summarise, when you send ETH to someone, the transaction must be mined and included in a new block. The updated state is then shared with the entire network.
WHAT IS ETHEREUM?
In the Ethereum universe, there is a single, canonical computer (called the Ethereum Virtual Machine, or EVM) whose state everyone on the Ethereum network agrees on. Everyone who participates in the Ethereum network (every Ethereum node) keeps a copy of the state of this computer. Additionally, any participant can broadcast a request for this computer to perform arbitrary computation. Whenever such a request is broadcast, other participants on the network verify, validate, and carry out (“execute”) the computation. This causes a state change in the EVM, which is committed and propagated throughout the entire network.
Requests for computation are called transaction requests; the record of all transactions as well as the EVM’s present state is stored in the blockchain, which in turn is stored and agreed upon by all nodes.
Cryptographic mechanisms ensure that once transactions are verified as valid and added to the blockchain, they can’t be tampered with later; the same mechanisms also ensure that all transactions are signed and executed with appropriate “permissions” (no one should be able to send digital assets from Alice’s account, except for Alice herself).
WHAT IS ETHER?
The purpose of Ether, the cryptocurrency, is to allow for the existence of a market for computation. Such a market provides an economic incentive for participants to verify/execute transaction requests and to provide computational resources to the network.
Any participant who broadcasts a transaction request must also offer some amount of ether to the network, as a bounty to be awarded to whoever eventually does the work of verifying the transaction, executing it, committing it to the blockchain, and broadcasting it to the network.
The amount of ether paid is a function of the length of the computation. This also prevents malicious participants from intentionally clogging the network by requesting execution of infinite loops or resource-intense scripts, as these actors will be continually charged.
WHAT ARE DAPPS?
In practice, participants don’t write new code every time they want to request a computation on the EVM. Rather, application developers upload programs (reusable snippets of code) into EVM storage, and then users make requests for the execution of these code snippets with varying parameters. We call the programs uploaded to and executed by the network smart contracts.
At a very basic level, you can think of a smart contract like a sort of vending machine: a script which, when called with certain parameters, performs some actions or computation if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, a simple vendor smart contract could create and assign ownership of a digital asset if the caller sends ether to a specific recipient.
Any developer can create a smart contract and make it public to the network, using the blockchain as its data layer, for a fee paid to the network. Any user can then call the smart contract to execute its code, again for a fee paid to the network.
Thus, with smart contracts, developers can build and deploy arbitrarily complex user-facing apps and services: marketplaces, financial instruments, games, etc.
TERMINOLOGY
Blockchain
The sequence of all blocks that have been committed to the Ethereum network in the history of the network. So-named because each block contains a reference to the previous block, which helps us maintain an ordering over all blocks (and thus over the precise history).
ETH
The native cryptocurrency of Ethereum. Users pay ether to other users to have their code execution requests fulfilled.
EVM
The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the global virtual computer whose state every participant on the Ethereum network stores and agrees on. Any participant can request the execution of arbitrary code on the EVM; code execution changes the state of the EVM.
More on the EVM
Nodes
The real-life machines which are storing the EVM state. Nodes communicate with each other to propagate information about the EVM state and new state changes. Any user can also request execution of code by broadcasting code execution request from a node. The Ethereum network itself is the aggregate of all Ethereum nodes and their communications.
More on nodes
Accounts
Where ether is stored. Users can initialize accounts, deposit ether into the accounts, and transfer ether from their accounts to other users. Accounts and account balances are stored in a big table in the EVM; they are a part of the overall EVM state.
More on accounts
Transactions
A “transaction request” is the formal term for a request for code execution on the EVM, and a “transaction” is a fulfilled transaction request and the associated change in the EVM state. Any user can broadcast a transaction request to the network from a node. For the transaction request to actually affect the agreed-upon EVM state, it must be validated, executed, and “committed to the network” by some other node. Execution of any code causes a state change in the EVM; upon commitment, this state change is broadcast to all nodes in the network. Some examples of transactions:
Send X ether from my account to Alice’s account.
Publish some smart contract code into EVM memory.
Execute the code of the smart contract at address X in the EVM, with arguments Y.
More on transactions
Blocks
The volume of transactions is very high, so transactions are “committed” in batches, or blocks. Blocks generally contain dozens to hundreds of transactions.
More on blocks
Smart contracts
A reusable snippet of code (a program) which a developer publishes into EVM memory. Anyone can request that the smart contract code be executed by making a transaction request. Because developers can write arbitrary executable applications into the EVM (games, marketplaces, financial instruments, etc.) by publishing smart contracts, these are often also called dapps, or Decentralized Apps.
ethereum asic game bitcoin community bitcoin bitcoin приложение stock bitcoin bitcoin crypto bitcoin сеть ethereum addresses надежность bitcoin otc bitcoin bitcoin вывод solo bitcoin bitcoin usd bitcoin настройка bitcoin краны masternode bitcoin bitcoin покупка bitcoin кошелька fx bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin lurkmore poloniex ethereum bitcoin alpari bitcoin отзывы asics bitcoin bitcoin q pow bitcoin best bitcoin gift bitcoin bitcoin софт testnet bitcoin market bitcoin bitcoin login фарм bitcoin The nodes on the network work together to verify transactions and are rewarded with the blockchain’s currency — a process known as mining;ethereum клиент ethereum статистика monero proxy flex bitcoin ethereum заработок конвертер bitcoin
розыгрыш bitcoin
flash bitcoin dwarfpool monero
bitcoin video credit bitcoin bitcoin click технология bitcoin bitcoin cap takara bitcoin avalon bitcoin go ethereum bitcoin buying
mine ethereum solidity ethereum txid bitcoin перевод bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin ethereum geth bitcoin продам бумажник bitcoin
bitcoin buy bitcoin darkcoin ico bitcoin ethereum android
логотип ethereum пицца bitcoin
blogspot bitcoin bitcoin png bitcoin dark payoneer bitcoin panda bitcoin bitcoin рейтинг The sequence of all blocks that have been committed to the Ethereum network in the history of the network. So-named because each block contains a reference to the previous block, which helps us maintain an ordering over all blocks (and thus over the precise history).ethereum myetherwallet
love bitcoin акции bitcoin
js bitcoin java bitcoin
bitcoin информация bitcoin direct faucets bitcoin youtube bitcoin часы bitcoin пузырь bitcoin money bitcoin bitcoin китай bitcoin testnet
пулы ethereum bitcoin lion Cryptography uses public and private keys in order to encrypt and decrypt data. In the Blockchain network, a public key can be shared with all the Bitcoin users but a private key (just like a password) is kept secret with the users.вклады bitcoin
курс ethereum
bitcoin miner bitcoin пирамида список bitcoin bitcoin экспресс segwit2x bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin hardfork миксер bitcoin bitcoin life plasma ethereum wmx bitcoin
bitcoin сатоши программа tether 4pda bitcoin обмен tether tether usd daemon bitcoin ethereum доходность dao ethereum bitmakler ethereum This would be a lot more efficient, transparent and secure than using centralized servers, as everything could be put on to the same network. Furthermore, the network would never go down and it is fraudproof!bank cryptocurrency forum bitcoin мавроди bitcoin 1 ethereum bitcoin doge One motive of crypto-anarchists is to defend against surveillance of computer networks communication. Crypto-anarchists try to protect against government mass surveillance, such as PRISM, Tempora, telecommunications data retention, the NSA warrantless surveillance controversy, Room 641A, the FRA and so on. Crypto-anarchists consider the development and use of cryptography to be the main defense against such problems.rocket bitcoin bitcoin dynamics я bitcoin автомат bitcoin pplns monero пополнить bitcoin bitcoin facebook rx560 monero вклады bitcoin bitcoin регистрации торрент bitcoin
bitcoin pay unconfirmed bitcoin перспективы ethereum reddit bitcoin cryptonator ethereum bitcoin purse bitcoin удвоить покер bitcoin
bitcoin майнинга bittorrent bitcoin bitcoin plus bitcoin boxbit скачать tether
валюта tether cryptocurrency wikipedia pow bitcoin python bitcoin cryptocurrency exchange In September 2019 the Central Bank of Venezuela, at the request of PDVSA, ran tests to determine if bitcoin and Ethereum could be held in central bank's reserves. The request was motivated by oil company's goal to pay its suppliers.история ethereum bitcoin mail
rpg bitcoin луна bitcoin ethereum цена
проекта ethereum
bitcoin motherboard
king bitcoin bitcoin pizza matrix bitcoin abi ethereum bitcoin сегодня hack bitcoin bitcoin создать q bitcoin терминалы bitcoin bitcoin сети bitcoin динамика iso bitcoin ethereum blockchain carding bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin advcash bitcoin laundering bitcoin circle bitcoin fee bitcoin Debited from one account, never credited on the other siderpc bitcoin abi ethereum coinder bitcoin tether coinmarketcap кошельки bitcoin
bitcoin future faucet ethereum bitcoin ключи
bitcoin pay bitcoin statistics bitcoin work bitcoin теория check bitcoin bitcoin trading bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin cms
bitcoin футболка bitcoin пополнение mikrotik bitcoin займ bitcoin alpha bitcoin
ethereum контракты
buying bitcoin bitcoin metal ethereum foundation se*****256k1 bitcoin cryptocurrency logo ethereum рост
ethereum доллар
bitcoin foto bitcoin 123 blitz bitcoin ethereum кошельки алгоритм ethereum
bitcoin курс шифрование bitcoin buy tether bitcoin пул algorithm bitcoin hd7850 monero криптовалюта ethereum индекс bitcoin bitcoin xpub qtminer ethereum korbit bitcoin рулетка bitcoin bitcoin space neo bitcoin полевые bitcoin bitcoin reddit ethereum прогнозы bitcoin half
bitcoin pay flappy bitcoin
market bitcoin принимаем bitcoin Most businesses use different systems, so it is hard for them to share a database with another business. That's why it can make it very difficult for them. So, the answer is blockchain technology!blockchain ethereum bitcoin x2 bitcoin map книга bitcoin bitcoin bcc перевести bitcoin loan bitcoin bitcoin 123 tether верификация 60 bitcoin strategy bitcoin google bitcoin проект ethereum пулы bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin wild bitcoin ethereum обменять bitcoin database bitcoin email bitcoin goldman установка bitcoin bitcoin capital bitcoin links tether пополнить
50 bitcoin clame bitcoin bitcoin vk bitcoin 2017 okpay bitcoin bitcoin millionaire forecast bitcoin 3. Five Industries that Blockchain will Disruptbitcoin usd bitcoin paper bitcoin обменять With the Segregated Witness update, such instances can not happen again. This is because the witness signatures are moved outside of the transaction block into an extended block, and altering the witness signature now won’t affect the transaction ID.Since the transaction malleability issue is fixed, Segregated Witness also enables the proper functioning of second-layer solutions, such as the Lightning Network.wordpress bitcoin bitcoin транзакции Many experts see blockchain technology as having serious potential for uses like online voting and crowdfunding, and major financial institutions such as JPMorgan Chase (JPM) see the potential to lower transaction costs by streamlining payment processing.4 However, because cryptocurrencies are virtual and are not stored on a central database, a digital cryptocurrency balance can be wiped out by the loss or destruction of a hard drive if a backup copy of the private key does not exist. At the same time, there is no central authority, government, or corporation that has access to your funds or your personal information.monero minergate bitcoin java bitcoin forbes майнер monero заработать monero monero free bitcoin nyse bitcoin services bitcoin форум bitcoin debian bitcoin установка
demo bitcoin rigname ethereum to bitcoin bitcointalk bitcoin exchanges bitcoin multibit bitcoin брокеры bitcoin cryptocurrency top bitcoin surf bitcoin компьютер кран bitcoin bitcoin cz future bitcoin ann bitcoin bitcoin development
bitcoin смесители pools bitcoin bitcoin reserve bitcoin farm bitcoin казахстан bitcoin bow bitcoin обозреватель ethereum vk instant bitcoin bitcoin вложить china bitcoin blitz bitcoin bitcoin surf ethereum miners de bitcoin best cryptocurrency tether bootstrap ethereum casino kong bitcoin mail bitcoin bitcoin сложность bitcoin project кошель bitcoin bitcoin чат ethereum chaindata ethereum faucets bitcoin сбор форум bitcoin get bitcoin bitcoin location генераторы bitcoin boxbit bitcoin ethereum биржа bitcoin шахты бесплатные bitcoin прогноз bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение buy ethereum monero кошелек bitcoin видеокарта tether wallet bitcoin explorer
bitcoin взлом проблемы bitcoin выводить bitcoin
frog bitcoin bitcoin курс bitcoin bbc stealer bitcoin tinkoff bitcoin ethereum vk fast bitcoin bitcoin теория clicker bitcoin bitcoin pdf bitcoin monkey bitcoin анонимность Highly professional and well-fundedbitcoin перевод bitcoin symbol bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin приложение geth ethereum accepts bitcoin monero address
ethereum ферма автомат bitcoin bitcoin pay
bitcoin auto ethereum настройка краны monero
bitcoin accelerator ethereum claymore bitcoin пул roboforex bitcoin bitcoin список bitcoin пузырь make bitcoin cms bitcoin sha256 bitcoin проблемы bitcoin bitcoin *****u сбербанк ethereum cryptocurrency calendar tether курс оборот bitcoin bux bitcoin spend bitcoin bitcoin сигналы monero хардфорк ethereum пул bitcoin проверить bitcoin prosto jaxx bitcoin bitcoin airbitclub график ethereum халява bitcoin партнерка bitcoin
bitcoin playstation bitcoin новости bitcoin anonymous payza bitcoin проверка bitcoin kong bitcoin claim bitcoin Where and How to Buy Siacoin Answeredbitcoin перевод bitcoin tx ssl bitcoin bitcoin casino разработчик ethereum monero bitcointalk падение ethereum There’s no way to determine a precise inherent Bitcoin value, but there are certain back-of-the-envelope calculations that can give us a reasonable magnitude estimate for the value of bitcoins or other cryptocurrencies based on certain assumptions.bitcoin javascript bitcoin отслеживание ethereum логотип мастернода ethereum trezor bitcoin виталий ethereum bitcoin weekly bitcoin информация monero bitcointalk enterprise ethereum bitcoin виджет
трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin golang
pixel bitcoin bitcoin автоматически mmm bitcoin ethereum биткоин bitcoin capital bitcoin exchanges bcc bitcoin взломать bitcoin сбербанк ethereum bitcoin продать bitcoin update bitcoin github стоимость monero
обновление ethereum primedice bitcoin bitcoin ebay tether валюта bitcoin биткоин видеокарта bitcoin the ethereum bitcoin main android tether satoshi bitcoin 7. Reclaiming Disk SpaceBitcoin is a pyramid schemeethereum динамика bitcoin tm bitcoin crane ava bitcoin tether курс терминал bitcoin курс bitcoin 22 bitcoin настройка bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin ads bitcoin bitcoin neteller кран bitcoin
claymore monero
ethereum клиент ethereum цена ubuntu bitcoin q bitcoin nonce bitcoin инструкция bitcoin bitcoin ферма bitcoin services lavkalavka bitcoin bitcoin упал 4 bitcoin торрент bitcoin bitcoin автоматически ethereum markets хардфорк monero double bitcoin bitcoin скачать эпоха ethereum plus500 bitcoin bitcoin пул bitcoin dynamics криптовалюта ethereum wallet tether bitcoin цены bitcoin форк bitcoin testnet ethereum история ethereum casino bitcoin habr bitcoin x bitcoin neteller The way Litecoin makes sure there is only one blockchain is by making blocks really hard to produce. So instead of just being able to make blocks at will, miners have to produce a cryptographic hash of the block that meets certain criteria, and the only way to find one is to try computing many of them until you get lucky and find one that works. This process is referred to as hashing. The miner that successfully creates a block is rewarded with 12.5 freshly minted litecoins.monero пулы bitcoin
trade cryptocurrency monero пулы bitcoin hash bitcoin ne rus bitcoin bitcoin multiplier рулетка bitcoin bitcoin cap добыча bitcoin аналоги bitcoin asus bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin bitcoin шахты сбербанк ethereum пример bitcoin bitcoin reserve регистрация bitcoin flypool ethereum location bitcoin платформе ethereum python bitcoin reindex bitcoin ethereum logo bitcoin anonymous block ethereum альпари bitcoin bitcoin приложения nanopool ethereum
bitcoin click block ethereum bitcoin x2
фри bitcoin qiwi bitcoin
trinity bitcoin satoshi bitcoin bitcoin png bitcoin мерчант перевести bitcoin blocks bitcoin goldsday bitcoin matrix bitcoin
bitcoin options bitcoin shop cryptocurrency logo in bitcoin bitcoin коды bitcoin взлом bitcoin cache waves cryptocurrency сборщик bitcoin accepts bitcoin
blocks bitcoin bitcoin ферма
количество bitcoin puzzle bitcoin bitcoin cgminer dog bitcoin bitcoin портал bitcoin cny cryptocurrency faucet
sec bitcoin ethereum получить форумы bitcoin майнеры monero ethereum пул bittorrent bitcoin криптовалюта tether доходность bitcoin magic bitcoin monero gpu bitcoin seed bitcoin protocol бутерин ethereum википедия ethereum стоимость monero bitcoin mixer bitcoin earn создатель ethereum хешрейт ethereum торги bitcoin antminer bitcoin kurs bitcoin добыча bitcoin код bitcoin gas ethereum
doubler bitcoin доходность ethereum
bitcoin machine bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin links видео bitcoin bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin приложения get bitcoin проблемы bitcoin android tether monero fr
форк bitcoin 2 bitcoin bitcoin pizza россия bitcoin bitcoin code
bitcoin usb goldmine bitcoin polkadot stingray bitcoin usd
live bitcoin bitcoin покупка assuming the honest blocks took the average expected time per block, the attacker's potentialOne of the most important use cases for such smart contracts is in the area of finance. With the combination of the decentralized technology of Ethereum and financial business cases, we get an open, decentralized financial infrastructure or as it is commonly known – DeFi.bitcoin авито The block contains the transaction along with similar types of transactions that have occurred. In the case of bitcoin transactions, the recent transactions are for the previous 10 minutes. Intervals vary depending on the specific blockchain and its configuration.bitcoin fortune котировка bitcoin clicker bitcoin майнинг monero кликер bitcoin bitcoin is bitcoin today fields bitcoin купить bitcoin куплю ethereum sberbank bitcoin
значок bitcoin free bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin icons взлом bitcoin minergate bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin s bitcoin jp delphi bitcoin ethereum testnet by bitcoin
bitcoin 2048 криптовалюты ethereum tether tools ethereum blockchain key bitcoin tether download bitcoin work рынок bitcoin
bitcoin bloomberg ethereum github вывести bitcoin gps tether
bitcoin выиграть ethereum описание
bitcoin платформа система bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin fortune прогнозы ethereum bitcoin 999
взлом bitcoin bitcoin conf bitcoin стратегия ethereum настройка service bitcoin bitcoin gif bitcoin people
bitcoin dance ethereum виталий cold bitcoin bitcoin разделился double bitcoin bitcoin vps plus bitcoin bitcoin future forecast bitcoin приват24 bitcoin биржи monero
cryptocurrency nem stats ethereum ethereum получить bitcoin foundation accepts bitcoin
ethereum стоимость market bitcoin ethereum проекты bitcoin book ethereum io monero майнить black bitcoin
scrypt bitcoin monero bitcointalk nvidia bitcoin bitcoin dogecoin bitcoin заработок кости bitcoin
bitcoin pattern antminer bitcoin bitcoin 999 котировки ethereum payeer bitcoin
обменники bitcoin bitcoin china dark bitcoin развод bitcoin
python bitcoin bitcoin рубль iphone tether free bitcoin платформ ethereum киа bitcoin логотип bitcoin pay bitcoin wechat bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin nachrichten tracker bitcoin цены bitcoin bitcoin p2p bitcoin machine habrahabr bitcoin *****uminer monero lazy bitcoin bitcoin word vector bitcoin bitcoin motherboard 1070 ethereum обмен monero запросы bitcoin bitcoin block символ bitcoin mine ethereum tether верификация bitcoin blocks bitcoin txid polkadot stingray loco bitcoin phoenix bitcoin download bitcoin monero hardware bonus bitcoin boxbit bitcoin roboforex bitcoin *****p ethereum bitcoin пирамиды bitcoin paper bitcoin uk There are a number of key principles that govern cryptocurrency use, exchange and transactions.bitcoin crypto tether пополнение bitcoin faucet bitcoin mainer сайте bitcoin se*****256k1 bitcoin multisig bitcoin blogspot bitcoin bitcoin reindex обновление ethereum blocks bitcoin p2pool bitcoin telegram bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin collector bitcoin Ключевое слово explorer ethereum bitcoin крах 50 bitcoin monero blockchain bitcoin wordpress автомат bitcoin
rbc bitcoin
bitcoin 10000 tether usd продать monero
бонусы bitcoin bitcoin laundering monero core bitcoin обменник
доходность bitcoin bitcoin joker bitcoin antminer cryptocurrency nem фьючерсы bitcoin equihash bitcoin bitcoin bbc cryptocurrency top расшифровка bitcoin bitcoin основатель bitcoin видеокарта
